澳大利亚作为一个移民国家，有着长久的移民历史。那么澳洲的移民历史和政策经历了怎样的演变呢？今天就带大家了解一下澳大利亚的移民简史。
1788年1月26日，英国的第一支罪犯遣送船队在悉尼的Cove登陆，目的是为了在当地建立一个监狱，在此之前，澳洲的土地上已经有了原住民。目前已经将这一天定为澳大利亚的国庆节，但是却被原住民称为“灾难日”或“侵略日”。同年的2月7日，这里被正式宣布为新南威尔斯殖民地。
在这之后，越来越多的欧洲移民陆续来到澳洲，他们主要是来自于英格兰、爱尔兰、苏格兰的农民和家仆。但是从欧洲到澳大利亚的航行费用要远远高于美洲，很难吸引民众迁徙到这里。直到1840年，爱德华·吉本·维克菲尔德（Wakefield, Edward Gibbon）想了一个办法，就是维持土地的高价格，并为新移民提供津贴。该做法一直持续到新的自治政府成立以前，直到后来选民拒绝用罚款的税来为有就业竞争力的人提供工作机会。
澳洲中部地区发现了大量金矿引发了淘金热。淘金时代开始于1851年，吸引了更多的移民前往澳洲，其中包括很大数量的不列颠和爱尔兰移民，还有小数量的德国人、其他欧洲人口和中国人。据不完全统计，截止到1901年，中国人是继英国、德国之后的第三大移民群体。
澳大利亚联邦政府在1901年成立，其最初的改革就包括《1901年移民限制法案》（Immigration Restriction Act 1901），用听写测试的控制机制来控制移民进入澳洲。移民要进入澳大利亚必须通过任何一种欧洲语言（不需要一定是英语）长达50字的听写测试，文章的语言则由移民官员酌情决定。据统计，直至1909年，总计有1359名参加测试，其中只有52名申请人通过了。
1909年，精通5门语言的东欧记者埃贡·欧文·基施（Egon Erwin Kisch），在苏格兰的语言测试中被认为没有正常阅读和写作能力。而在1909年之后，就再也没有申请人通过这项语言测试了。
随着第二次世界大战的结束，大量的战争难民涌入澳大利亚。《1901年移民限制法案》遭到社会各界的质疑，直到1972年澳大利亚政府才正式废除了这项法案。在随后的1975年，《反种族歧视法案》（Racial Discrimination Act 1975）正式颁布。在此前所出台的联邦与州法律中，与《反种族歧视法》有冲突的条款一律无效，该法案还明确列出了在工作、生活等各方面中，涉及种族歧视的具体定义与表象。
越南战争接近尾声之际，大批越南船民抵达澳大利亚。1990年代中期，大批中国学生来到澳大利亚留学，其中大约有四分之一的人留下来。1990年代末开始，一批投资商业移民也相继来到澳大利亚。
时至今日，澳大利亚已经成为世界上最热门的移民国家之一，其优秀的社会保障体系、教育资源，以及美丽的自然风光，吸引着数以万计的新移民，而这一群体中则包含了来自不同地区、不同文化背景的各类人，澳大利亚也因此成为了多元文化的国家。
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