午夜鬼魂是父王嗎?如何用文言文講述《哈姆雷特》(二)

(圖:Adobe Stock)

文/清簫

 

接上期,一起來研讀林紓(1852-1924)與魏易(1880-1930)合譯的《吟邊燕語》,重溫家喻戶曉的《哈姆雷特》故事。

 

首先簡介本期出場的人物:

 

漢姆來德(Hamlet)

即主角哈姆雷特,老國王的兒子。上期說道,他懷疑父親是被叔父克老丟(Claudius)謀殺的。

 

疑似為老國王的鬼魂,不止一次午夜出現在王宮。

 

霍雷旭(Horatio)

哈姆雷特王子的知己。

 

本期講述王宮衛士目擊鬼魂的段落。以下英文摘自英國散文家瑪麗·蘭姆(Mary Lamb)和查爾斯·蘭姆(Charles Lamb)姐弟的《莎士比亞戲劇故事集》(Tales from Shakespeare),文言譯文摘自1906年商務印書館出版的《吟邊燕語》第64頁,讓我們一起向晚清文豪林紓學習古文寫作。我會對部分字詞注釋,或評點部分語句,儘量詳細解釋。

 

蘭姆寫道:

 

A rumour had reached the ear of young Hamlet, that an apparition, exactly resembling the dead king his father, had been seen by the soldiers upon watch, on the platform before the palace at midnight, for two or three nights successively. The figure came constantly clad in the same suit of armour, from head to foot, which the dead king was known to have worn: and they who saw it (Hamlet』s bosom friend Horatio was one) agreed in their testimony as to the time and manner of its appearance: that it came just as the clock struck twelve; that it looked pale, with a face more of sorrow than of anger.

 

rumour:流言,傳聞。

 

apparition:鬼魂,幽靈。

 

clad in:穿…(衣服)。

 

armour:盔甲,鎧甲。

 

bosom friend:知己,非常親密的朋友。

 

testimony:證詞。

 

pale:臉色蒼白的。

 

此段講的是:哈姆雷特聽聞一則傳言,一個與其已故父王外貌很像的鬼,連續兩三個夜晚都在午夜時分出現在王宮前的高台上,被值勤的士兵看見。那個鬼總是從頭到腳穿著同一套盔甲,而已故國王生前穿的正是這套盔甲。所有見過它的人(哈姆雷特的摯友霍雷旭也是其中之一)對它出現時間和方式的描述都一致:它總是在時鐘敲響十二點時出現;它臉色蒼白,面容流露的悲傷多於憤怒。

 

林紓譯文:

 

「忽有衛士言,夜中老王見靈於宮中,而太子近侍霍雷旭亦見之。言王來時被甲冠冑,威毅如生,特顏色慘沮,非怒似憂也。」

 

「見靈於宮中」,「見」同「現」,意思是顯現、顯露。

 

「clad in the same suit of armour, from head to foot」,林紓譯為「被甲冠冑」,即披著鎧甲、戴著頭盔。被,通「披」。「冠」在此作動詞,意為「戴…(帽子)」。冑是頭盔,與甲不同,雖然這兩字常連用。

 

古文中造四字句,能前後對仗則更佳,如「被甲冠冑」之類,這樣更書面、美觀。翻譯不必一板一眼地照搬原文的結構,如前面是clad in,後面是armour(盔和甲),若譯為「穿盔甲」,只是意思符合,但離「信、達、雅」的雅還差些。

 

「威毅如生」意即此鬼穿甲冑的形象、氣魄如同老國王在世時。

(圖:Adobe Stock)

再往下看英文:

 

It made no answer when they spoke to it; yet once they thought it lifted up its head, and addressed itself to motion, as if it were about to speak; but in that moment the morning cock crew, and it shrunk in haste away, and vanished out of their sight.

 

意思是:士兵們向鬼魂說話,它沒有任何回答。然而有一次,它抬起了頭,彷彿正要開口說話。但就在那一刻,晨雞啼鳴,它便匆匆退去,從他們眼前消失了。

 

林紓譯文:

 

「衛士前叩,王弗語。一夜,吾於垂曉時見王,王方欲語,雞適啼,王遂隱不見。」

 

垂曉,即將近天亮時。「垂」有將要的意思,例如元稹〈聞樂天授江州司馬〉:「垂死病中驚坐起。」

 

「王方欲語,雞適啼」,很正宗的古文表達。方,猶「正」,例如《論語·季氏》:「及其壯也,血氣方剛,戒之在鬥。」適,意即恰巧。看到「in that moment」,不必翻譯為「是時」、「彼時」,可以用「方」、「適」,換個表述方式。將「addressed itself to motion, as if it were about to speak; but in that moment the morning cock crew」譯為「王方欲語,雞適啼」,就是個很好的例子。

(圖:Adobe Stock)

下一段英文:

 

The young prince, strangely amazed at their relation, which was too consistent and agreeing with itself to disbelieve, concluded that it was his father』s ghost which they had seen, and determined to take his watch with the soldiers that night, that he might have a chance of seeing it; for he reasoned with himself, that such an appearance did not come for nothing, but that the ghost had something to impart, and though it had been silent hitherto, yet it would speak to him. And he waited with impatience for the coming of night.

 

意思是:王子聽了他們的敘述後,大為驚訝。他們的說法一致,彼此相符,令人無法不相信,於是他認定他們所見的就是父親的鬼魂,並決定當夜與士兵一同守夜,希望有機會親眼見到它。他心想,這樣的顯現不會毫無緣故,鬼魂一定有事要告訴他;雖然它至今一直保持沉默,但可能會對他說。於是,他焦急地等待夜晚來臨。

 

林紓譯文:

 

「太子聞而信之。然王薨數月,而神見於宮中,意必有隱衷。即之,或得見告。思以夜時雜衛士中迎王。」

 

「即之,或得見告」,意為「親自到那裡,或許先王就會告訴自己」。「即」有靠近的意思,如《論語·子張》:「即之也溫,聽其言也厲。」

 

「見告」也就是「告訴我」。「見」用在動詞前,可表示對自己如何,如李密〈陳情表〉:「生孩六月,慈父見背。」「見背」即「離開了我」。

 

那麼,老國王的鬼魂會對哈姆雷特說什麼呢?他的死因究竟是什麼?請看下期。

 

 

 

 

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