美國期中選舉大致底定,民主黨保住參議院多數席次,地方政府改選後的州數加一,眾議院則以些微差距讓出了議長位置。若考慮到選前拜登的民調錶現有多差(支持度低檔徘徊在40%左右),這樣的結果確實可讓民主黨人鬆一口氣,美國人對拜登因應通膨不利,懲罰顯得相當輕微。隨後,拜登便以此為基礎,和甫以全勝之姿取得第三任期的習近平在峇里島會面,而前者的從容或許又多了一點。
站在中國立場,要超越美國世界強權地位,除了經濟、科技、軍武迎頭趕上,很大程度也必須看「民主劣勢」發揮到什麼程度。民主劣勢主要來自選舉的一體兩面,一是服從民意,一是分裂民意,美國民意愈分裂,對民主就愈不信任,對民主愈不信任,社會共識就愈難整合,共識愈難整合,自由即成混亂,亂到一個地步,便會回過頭被拿去凸顯中國「維穩」、「秩序」獨裁體制的優勢,所謂「中國全過程人民民主」就這麼冒出來的。
所以對中國來說,當然要積極催化民主劣勢。如同本次美國期中選舉,網路安全公司「Mandiant」選前不斷警告,一個名為「龍橋」(Dragonbridge)的網站,屢屢透過自製消息傳播美國政治內訌和黨派之爭,並以「傷口撒鹽」操作手法,試圖擴大美國政治上的兩極化。這個網站不僅是「似是而非的資訊」、「陰謀論」、「凡事就責美國(如要美國對北溪天然氣管道爆炸負責)」的中央廚房,最終目的更在否定美式民主,懷疑投票。
不可否認,美國近來民主選舉縱使未到千瘡百孔,政客語言、行為的極端化,確實讓它滿布暗礁。但這次期中選舉卻又帶有自我修正味道。CNN選舉當天出口民調,顯示了美國人對現任和前任總統的評價淨值皆屬負數,結果選民的確在投票時,既對拜登內政(經濟)不利做出反應(讓出眾議院多數席次/議長),也沒有讓「川普效應」極大化(沒有出現「紅色浪潮」),只是對後者的強烈反對,看似又稍微抵銷了一點對前者的強烈反對。議題取向上(如墮胎權),則是讓本次期中選舉的政黨選擇,略為多過了對總統本身的信任投票。州政府選舉也僅是細微消長,大體上還是紅藍各半。
可以預見,選舉一時,黨派競爭(鬥爭)卻將持續,問題在爭到什麼程度,斗到哪個方向?以及它將如何影響舉美中關係發展,假若確實如選前預期,一旦共和黨掌握眾議院,國會將對中國採取更嚴厲態度,諸如增加對中國投資的資本流動限制,強化避免美國技術落入中國,乃至對台灣支持的再躍進。另一方面的假設是,若民主黨繼續掌握參議院,拜登的對中政策將有更多迴旋空間,例如從美中衝突的死結轉至因應氣候變遷、全球糧食、健康等合作上。如今剛好兩個結果都發生了。
但兩個結果同時發生恐怕非中國所樂見。尤其牽涉台灣議題,若眾議院真的再推進對台支持,就美國權力分立精神,縱然是在野黨推動的議案,仍有實質法理意義,北京卻無法直接歸咎是白宮發動挑釁(例如民主黨籍眾議院議長裴洛西訪台),這將削弱習近平「反對外國勢力干涉台灣」的力度。
再者,就算民主黨續掌參議院,可為中美合作製造彈性,則習近平如何在「氣勢如虹」的第三任初始就「放軟」和美國走在一起?更況今天的選舉結果,卻也等同穩固了拜登之前的台海議題論說,即他在峇里島峰會重申的:「在台灣問題上,美國一個中國政策沒有改變,美國反對任何一方片面改變現狀…反對中國對台灣採取脅迫性和日益侵略性的行動…」。
「中國不武力犯台」就是拜登畫下中美不撕破臉的底線,在這底線上,美中衝突容有化險為夷可能,除非中國已決定走向「俄羅斯化」,完全不理會拜登試圖將中美關係往合作方向推展(如峇里島會談所說),否則期中選舉後沒有「提前跛腳」,又明指反對中國武力犯台的拜登,將因習近平的「武力統一論」繼續和其糾纏對立下去。
習近平在黨內驚滔駭浪的派系鬥爭下連任,拜登則在兩黨期中選舉上驚險過關,剛好成為極權、民主鮮明對比。如果說,西方國家對中國式獨裁長期有所誤判,還嚴重受綏靖誤導,同樣的,從未經歷真正民主洗禮的中國,可能對民主選舉,以及長期生活在民主自由國家下的人民和政府也有嚴重錯讀,何況民主的過程,往往比他們看到的結果影響更深遠,此間「錯讀」,應該只會為中國對外關係帶來傷害。
自拜登和習近平身上,我們另外看到民主機制和極權體系的最大差異,美國總統民調跌到四成不會死人,一場期中選舉就又充飽電,中國政府得到「人民93%的支持」卻還不足夠,統治手段必須更鐵腕。人性常理判斷,集權一身的習近平恐怕會比低民調的拜登睡得更不安穩。
(※作者為《上報》主筆,原文轉自上報)
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