选一个可能赢但不那么喜欢的人当总统

“选举制度”确实为民主治理做出了基本贡献,但在政争趋向极端,选民意识形态走向两极化,很容易会出现“选一个会赢,但我并不那么喜欢的人当总统”心理,这或许不完全符合民主真义,却又是难以忽视的现象。美国民主、共和两党因拜登和川普再又强化了这样的情境。

共和党方面,尽管佛罗里达州州长德桑蒂斯被多次点名挑战川普,比对不同民调,他也的确有和川普一较高下的条件,但德桑蒂斯刚高票连任佛州州长,声势位居高端者,通常会更小心翼翼布局下一步,因此迟未表态角逐共和党总统提名,选民同样也在观望他是不是真有超越川普的爆发力。

于此同时,诸如前副总统彭斯和国务卿蓬佩奥,近来相继出版了个人回忆录,虽都被指是有意问鼎总统,可两人和川普的支持度仍有段距离,就算他们政治形象都比川普好,也不若川普执政期间争议缠身,甚至到今天还在为国会大厦暴动、海湖山庄档案事件纠缠不清,但回归选举现实,个人形象争议较小的蓬佩奥和彭斯,反而一直处于媒体边陲位置,不像是可以和民主党一拼的人。亲近川普的媒体屡屡主打“川普是最可能赢回白宫的共和党人”,对共和党选民来说,欣不欣赏川普是一回事,但不能说没有“西瓜效应”。

同样的情形也发生在民主党。去年美国期中选举前夕,《纽约时报》和“Siena College Institute”发布了民调,发现只有26%的民主党支持者赞成拜登连任,超过六成民主党人希望2024提名其他人。原因当然和拜登年岁太高有关(竞选连任时已达82岁),期中选举过后,拜登民调暂时止跌,不过个人支持度也仅在45%上下,反映了除了年纪,他的施政也没有获得多数肯定。

于是,媒体便开始寻找可能的替代方案。首先是拜登副手哈里斯,去年9月,政治分析机构“Morning Consult”曾公布统计,在不与拜登竞争下,哈里斯是民主党2024潜在竞争者民调最高的一人(28%)。但她当下民调表现却比拜登还差,如果出马竞选,只靠个人基本盘将相当危险。

另外,在女性总统话题上,讨论度最高的就是民主党纽约州议员科尔特斯(AOC),若她2024参选,2025就职时,将刚好达到总统最低年龄35岁门槛。不过,选民对她的顾忌并非她太年轻,而是她在自己深蓝选区之外,从未受到检验,有政治观察家预言,AOC极左色彩也许能在纽约州大获全胜,但她可能在大选时输掉其他40个州。

其他被点名的民主党老将则有希拉里。过去以来,不乏政治盟友鼓励她是时候摆脱隐形模式,为2024暖身,希拉里则早于去年中,就透过《金融时报》强调自己不会参选,因为“挑战拜登非常具有破坏性”(指对民主党选情);至于另名老将桑德斯虽然透露自己不排除再次竞选总统,但如果说拜登太老是不利连任因素,那比拜登年纪还大一岁的桑德斯就更没有讨论意义了。

另外,56岁的民主党加州州长纽森(Gavin Newsom)可能竞选总统的新闻,也在新年过后登场,但他的问题和共和党的德桑蒂斯一样,就是全国知名度不够亮眼,尤其就像洛杉矶时报一则专栏提到的,纽森的形象太普通,也太一帆风顺,缺乏竞争美国总统必然具备“曾经克服高强度逆境的故事”。而40出头的美国交通部部长布蒂吉格(Pete Buttigieg)虽然有很好的学经历,媒体缘颇佳,被视为民主党极具潜力的明日之星,但从一个中等城市市长(他曾任印第安纳州南本德市),晋升交通部长,然后选总统,却不是美国总统养成的典型管道,况且他在没有拜登参与初选下,个人支持度仅10%。

接著,在媒体一路从副总统、政坛老将、资深议员、地方首长到年轻新秀点名后,终究回到最核心的现实面,也就是在所有公布的民调中,以川普为假想敌,今天选举,拜登仍是最有可能击败川普的一人。于是,民主党支持者看待2024,在还没有走出川普阴影的今天,关键就愈不会是“我想选谁当总统”,而是我只想“选一个能打败川普的人”。

“选一个会赢,但我并不那么喜欢的人当总统”,如此心态不是现在才有,过去或是战略、战术妥协,但如今彼此背后皆有愈来愈输不得的压力恐惧,就民主政治而言,一个国家借由选举以形塑政治共同体的稳定性,只能说正在明显大幅削弱中。

(※作者为《上报》主笔,全文转自上报)

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